In computing, regular expressions provide a concise and flexible means for identifying strings of text of interest, such as particular characters, words, or patterns of characters. Regular expressions (abbreviated as regex or regexp, with plural forms regexes, regexps, or regexen) are written in a formal language that can be interpreted by a regular expression processor, a program that either serves as a parser generator or examines text and identifies parts that match the provided specification.
The following examples illustrate a few specifications that could be expressed in a regular expression:
the sequence of characters "car" in any context, such as "car", "cartoon", or "bicarbonate"
the word "car" when it appears as an isolated word
the word "car" when preceded by the word "blue" or "red"
a dollar sign immediately followed by one or more digits, and then optionally a period and exactly two more digits
Regular expressions can be much more complex than these examples.
Regular expressions are used by many text editors, utilities, and programming languages to search and manipulate text based on patterns. For example, Perl, Ruby and Tcl have a powerful regular expression engine built directly into their syntax. Several utilities provided by Unix distributions—including the editor ed and the filter grep—were the first to popularize the concept of regular expressions.
As an example of the syntax, the regular expression \bex can be used to search for all instances of the string "ex" that occur after word boundaries (signified by the \b). Thus in the string "Texts for experts," \bex matches the "ex" in "experts" but not in "Texts" (because the "ex" occurs inside a word and not immediately after a word boundary).
Many modern computing systems provide wildcard characters in matching filenames from a file system. This is a core capability of many command-line shells and is also known as globbing. Wildcards differ from regular expressions in that they generally only express very limited forms of alternatives.